How do I stay focused when studying for long periods?

The most effective approach is to use structured work intervals like the Pomodoro technique: study for 25-50 minutes, then take a genuine 5-10 minute break where you step away from your desk. This prevents mental fatigue from accumulating. Eliminate your phone or put it in another room, since even its presence reduces cognitive capacity. Beyond scheduling, make sure you're actually sleeping enough, as sleep deprivation kills focus faster than anything else. Stay hydrated and avoid heavy meals before studying. Start each session by writing down exactly what you want to accomplish rather than vaguely "studying," because specific goals keep your brain engaged. If your mind wanders, briefly note the distraction and return to work rather than fighting it.