What are the best study techniques backed by science?

The most effective study techniques backed by research include spaced repetition, where you review material at increasing intervals over time rather than cramming. Active recall, or testing yourself on material instead of passively rereading, is consistently shown to strengthen memory. Interleaving, which means mixing different topics or problem types in a single session, improves long-term retention better than blocking one subject at a time. Elaborative interrogation, asking yourself why and how things work, deepens understanding. The Pomodoro technique, studying in focused 25-minute blocks with short breaks, helps maintain concentration. Sleep is also critical since memory consolidation happens during rest. Highlighting and rereading alone are among the least effective methods despite being widely used.